Role of Journalism

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Topic: Role of Journalism

Course No. 15: Mass Communication and Media Studies

Roll No. : 28

Enrollment no.: PG14101019

Email-Id: jasoliyavaishali@gmail.com

Prepared by: Vaishali Hareshbhai Jasoliya

Submitted to: MAHARAJA KRISHNAKUMARSINHJI BHAVNAGAR UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

Introduction:

Words ‘Journal’, ‘Journalism’, ‘Journalist’ have their origin in the French word ‘Journal’ meaning a book and it has its origin in turn in the Roman word ‘diurnalis’ meaning daily.

Development of Journalism:

•      Origin of modern western style journalism may be traced back to the occasional news books of 17^th century England.

•      From 1720 onwards news and views were kept separate.

Definitions of Journalism:

•      Journalism is instant history, an account of history as it is being made.

•      Journalism is a report of things as they appear at the moment of writing not a definitive study of a situation.

•      Journalism is a contemporary report of the changing scene intended to inform readers of what is happening around them.

•      In the modern times, Journalism has been turned into a business and an industry.

Aims of Journalism:

•      At educating and entertaining its readers so that they can participate fully in the affairs of the state and in the cultural affairs as well.

Functions of Journalism:

•      Their main function is to carry different kinds of advertisements that help it to be financially visible and politically independent.

•      Their other function include reporting local, national and international news and offering interpretation and opinions into a business venture, the fundamental function remains to sell readers to advertisers.

Industrial Revolution:

          Newspapers of that time were in English, and the news only related to British activity in India. As the readers were also British, the local population was not the target. But the Company feared that these Indian papers could get to England and may defame the Company in England. English papers used to take nine months to reach India.

          By the early 19^th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspaper-type publications though not all of them developed in the same way; content was vastly shaped by regional and cultural preferences. Advances in printing technology related to the Industrial Revolution enabled newspapers to become an even more widely circulated means of communication.

This innovation made newspapers cheaper and thus available to a larger part of the population.

A Short History of Newspapers and Magazines:

•      17^th century Europe: Hand Written Sheets

•      Spread of Printing Press

•      Acta Diurna – Roman Empire (Julius Ceaser) around 59 BC

•      The first newspaper in France was published in 1631, La Gazette (originally published as Gazette de France)

•      The first newspaper in Portugal, a Gazeta da Restauracao, was published in 1641 in Lisbon.

•      The first Spanish newspaper, Gaceta de Madrid was published in 1661.

English Newspapers in Idian Subcontinent:

The first newspaper in India was published by James Hickey in January 1780. It was called the Bengal Gazette and announced itself as “a weekly political and commercial paper on all parties but influenced by none”.

Within six years of Bengal Gazette, four more weeklies were launched in Kolkata.

•      1782 Madras Courier was launched

•      1791 Bombay Herald was launched

•      1792 Bombay Courier was launched. It published advertisements in English and Gujarati.

•      In 1799, the East India administration passed regulations to increase its control over the press.

•      1920s and 1930s

•      Newspapers in this period started reflecting popular political opinion.

•      English dailies were loyal to the British government the vernacular press was strongly nationalist.

•      The Leader and Bombay Chronicle were pro-Congress.

•      The Servant of India and The Bombay Chronicle were moderate.

•      The Bande Mataram of Aurbindo Ghosh, Kal of Poona and Sakli of Surat were fiercely nationalist.

Role of Press:

•      Watch dog of democratic society

•      Social Responsibility

•      Investigation of scams

•      To propagate social reforms

•      Passing information

•      Sharing information

•      Motivating Power of the society

•      Emphasizing education

•      Opinion Builder

•      Generate debate

•      Act as people’s mouth piece

•      The press occupation is pivotal a position in the life of a nation and its people.

•      Eradication of social evils

•      Guardian of the rights and liberty of people

Press Council of India:

          It is a statutory body consisting of 28 members representing owners of the newspaper, news agencies, journalists, educationalists, legal experts and expats on various subjects.

Functions:

This body has the power to warn and stop and censor any editor’s or journalist’s work who flouts the standard of journalist’s ethics and public texts.

Aims:

Ø The PCI takes care of the press codes and press ethics in the following manner:

Ø Freedom on information

Ø Freedom of access to information sources

Ø Objectivity, truthfulness and interpretation of facts

Ø Responsibility to public and its rights, interest and in relation to national, racial and communities of the nation, the state and to maintain peace.

Ø Consideration for cultural, social code of ethics of individual countries or communities

Freedom of Press:

·        Freedom of press is essential in any democratic society for healthy development.

·        Countries which curb the freedom of press suffer great losses in the long run.

·        Anything that disturbs security and integrity of the nation, communal harmony, international relationship, chaos in public life or interference in private life.

Limitations to the freedom of expression in matters affecting:

ü Sovereignty and integrity of the state

ü Public order

ü Security of the state

ü Friendly relations with the foreign countries

ü Morality

ü Content of codes

ü Incitement to offenses

Press Codes and Ethics in Journalism:

§  Codes for ethics of journalists began to be formulated since the early 1920s.

§  Contractual responsibility in relation to their media and their internal organization

§  Responsibility or liability deriving from the obligation to comply with the low

§  Responsibility towards the international community, relating to respect for human values.

A Code of Ethics for Indian Journalists:

          In 1966, PCI did circulate a list of over 10,000 newspapers and journals, for their observations, but the feedback was not promising enough.

          In January 1976, a committee of 17 editors presented a Code of Ethics and Editors Charter to parliament, but it was suspect, evolved as it was during the emergency regime. It gave a rather tall order in stating that the press must present a truthful, comprehensive and reliable account of the events in a context which gives them meaning, project a representative picture of constituent groups in society.

          The all India Small and Medium Newspapers’ Association had drawn up a code of Ethics in 1975; it was not approved by the general body.

Indian News Agency:

          A news agency is an organization of journalists established t supply news reports to news organization: newspapers, magazines, and radio and television broadcasters.

          The major news agencies generally prepare hard news stories and feature articles that can be used by other news organizations with little or no modification, and then sell them to other news organizations.

Press Trust of Indias:

PTI is the largest news agency in India. It is headquartered in Delhi and is a non-profit cooperative among more than 450 Indian news papers and has a staff about 2,000 writers spread across 150 offices nationwide.

It provides news courage and information of the religion in both English and Hindi.

United News of India:

·        Hindustan Samachar

·        Samachar Bharati

But once the emergency was lifted they began their work separately. It contributes in building democratic country where press plays a vital role.

United News of India (UNI) was launched in March, 1961, and has grown into one of the largest news agencies in Asia. During these years we have acquired and enviable reputation for fast and accurate coverage of all major news events in India and abroad in all areas like politics, Economics, Business, Sports, Entertainment and so on. Our service also provides subscribers with a rich choice in features, interviews and human interest. United News of India was in three languages such as English, Hindi and Urdu.

We launched UNIVARTA in Hindi in 1982 and pioneered a wire service in Urdu in 1992, in 1981, we became the first Indian news agency to serve subscribers abroad and earn foreign exchange for the country by selling its wire service directly to newspapers in Gulf States and in Singapore through satellite channels.

Conclusion:

          Thus, we can say that journalism is a contemporary report of the changing scene intended to inform readers of what is happening around them.

Works Cited

Wikipedia contributors. " Journalism." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia.  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 13 Mar. 2016. Web. 26 Mar. 2016.

Comparison between ‘Things Fall Apart’ and ‘Kanthapura’

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Topic: Comparison between ‘Things Fall Apart’ and ‘Kanthapura’

Course No. 14: The African Literature

Roll No. : 28

Enrollment no.: PG14101019

Email-Id: jasoliyavaishali@gmail.com

Prepared by: Vaishali Hareshbhai Jasoliya

Submitted to: MAHARAJA KRISHNAKUMARSINHJI BHAVNAGAR UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

Comparison between ‘Things Fall Apart’ and ‘Kanthapura’

‘Things Fall Apart’ by Chinua Achebe:

                                                          

Things Fall Apart is a post-colonial novel written by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe in 1958. It is one of the masterpieces of 20^th century African fiction. It is a staple book in schools throughout Africa and is widely read and studied in English-speaking countries around the world. The novel follows the life of Okonkwo, an Igbo leader and local wrestling champion in the fictional Nigerian Village of Umuofia. Here we can also found the Struggle and inferiority that black people faces.

Kanthapura by Raja Rao:

                                                       

          Raja Rao’s first novel Kanthapura (1938) is the story of a village in south India named Kanthapura. The novel is narrated in the form of a ‘sthalapurana’ by an old woman of the village, Achakka. Kanthapura is a traditional caste ridden Indian village which is away from all modern ways of living. Dominant castes like Brahmins are privileged to get the best region of the village whereas Sudras, Pariahs are marginalized.

Representation of African Culture in Things Fall Apart:

In Things Fall Apart, African culture portrays in a structured and civilized society and they feels marginalized and always struggle to become an independent. Achebe depicts the Igbo as a people with great social institutions. In Things Fall Apart, there is Igbo culture where they have their own individual rules, regulations and their living style totally different from others. We can say that here theme of the clash of cultures and also Igbo Society Complexity. Their culture is rich and impressively civilized, with traditions and laws that place great emphasis on justice and fairness.

Representation of Indian Culture in Kanthapura:

          In the novel we can found that, Village’s Contemporary situation as like;

·        Social Background

·        Religion Background

·        Political Background

Here village stands as a unity and sometimes used as a symbolic way. Villagers have also different tradition in their village like Hari-Kathas, a traditional form of storytelling, was practiced in the village. While this reading nationalism in conflict with Brahmanism, something more interesting is available if we push our reading a little further. So, we can say that the inferiority and superiority.

In the Kanthapura novel we can found the final clash between the freedom fighters and the soldiers many people died many where injured. After this clash, the whole village was set on fire and destroyed and many people were arrested.

Similarities in both Things Fall Apart and Kanthapura:

ü Kenchamma! protect us  always like this through famine and disease, death and despair, through the harvest night shall we dance before you, the fire in the middle and the hornes about us, we shall sing and sing and clap our sing

-      Kanthapura

When a man says, yes his chi also says yes also

-      Things Fall Apart

Things Fall Apart Ezeulu row of God rely on traditional wisdom in their assertion of their personal point of view which impart to them a representative quality. The voice of Achakka in Kanthapura is the voice of mythic India elevating, the narration to the vast mythic parlorama in the Indian villages. Achebe who employs Igbo proverbs in Things Fall Apart and Arrow Rao uses the Kannada idioms and expressions. As like,

“I have seen your elders.” You cannot be a traitor to your salt givers”

And the respectful addresses in the names like Bhattare, Ramannore and Moorthappa are used to denote praise flattery or decomn. The Kannada speech is an adopted way. Same in the novel Kanthapura makes use of the native Kanrlada ingredients in the language. In the language of both Rao and Achebe, one could trace the confident mythic age springing from the cultural ethos of the two nations, placing the works in a domain of creative freedom which is shared by many other Third World writers.

Comparison between Okonkwo and Moorthy

Okonkwo in ‘Things Fall Apart’:

          Okonkwo is the novel’s protagonist. He is a brave and rash Umuofia (Nigerian), warrior and clan leader. He strives to make his way in a culture that traditionally values manliness. As a young man he defeated the village’s best wrestler, earning him lasting prestige. He is also the hardest – working member of his clan. Okonkwo’s life is dominated by fear and failure and of weaknesses – the fear that he will resemble his father. He commits suicide.

          Okonkwo’s suicide represents not only his culture’s rejection of him, but his rejection of the changes in his people’s culture, as he realizes that the Igbo society that he so valued has been forever altered by the Christian missionaries.

Moorthy in Kanthapura:

          Moorthy is a character in Raja Rao's novel Kanthapura, which records the influence of Gandhian ideals on a remote South Indian village during the years of the Indian independence movement.

          Moorthy, the protagonist is an educated, respected young man of Kanthapura. He is one of thousands of young men inspired by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to become fighters for the cause of their motherland.

Throughout the novel Moorthy inspires love and respect and wins the confidence of the villagers. The impact of Gandhi's personality transforms him from a common village lad into able and committed, even though he never personally spoke with Gandhi. In those days many young men gave up their studies and courted arrest; Moorthy is one of these. Inspired by the vision of the Gandhi addressing a public meeting, he went out alone and later returned to college. Afterwards, he became the life and spirit of the freedom movement in Kanthapura.

          At last, we can say that language of Moorthy and language of Okonkwo both has different. Okonkwo’s language suffused with proverbs and stories like Moorthy’s speech resonating the legendary lore of Kanthapura fits the purpose of placing individual thoughts in the larger mythological domain of the respective cultural context.

Effect of colonialism in both Things Fall Apart and Kanthapura:

Effect of colonialism in Things Fall Apart:

          In the novel, Things Fall Apart, the effects of colonialism were extremely evident in the Igbo society. As the white Englanders moved into the native’s land, their cultural values changed.

Examples of these changes were evident in all aspects of the Igbo People’s lives, in their religion, family life, children, and the dead. Many of the Igboians were upset by the colonialism of their society, but in the end they were completely incapable of doing anything to reverse the changes that had already taken place in their society.

Thus, we can say that, the colonialism of the Igbo society affected them in many different ways. Each aspect of their lives and culture were consumed by English’s belief systems. Whether it was their religion, family life, children or their dead the white’s beliefs and systematic way of life took over the traditional systems and beliefs.

Effect of colonialism in Things Fall Apart:

Raja Rao’s Kanthapura enacts some of the motif of post colonialism. This whole reading of the novel harps back upon the exchange between the colonizers and colonized. The interesting insights offered by the novel are about the immense complications and violence that attend the arrival of colonial modernity in India.

Conclusion:

          Thus, we can say that, Kanthapura novel ends with “Pralaya” And Things Fall Apart novel ends with surrender to colonizers.

Works Cited

Wikipedia contributors. "Moorthy." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 17 Dec. 2014. Web. 26 Mar. 2016 

Wikipedia contributors. "Things Fall Apart." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 11 Mar. 2016. Web. 26 Mar. 2016